In this paper we intend to present briefly the way Fonseca deals with the doctrine of causation in his Commentaries on the Metaphysics of Aristotle. We shall begin with the presentation of the map of the disputations on causation in that work (I), then will refer to the position of Fonseca on the definition of cause (II), the relation between cause and principle (III) and, finally, his defense of the Aristotelian four causes (IV).

One of the most common ways of morphological marking is affixation, morphemes are classified according to their position. In languages with affixal morphology, suffixes and prefixes are the most common types of affixes. Despite several proposals, it has been impossible to identify solid generalisations about the behaviour of prefixes, in opposition to suffixes. This article argues that the reason is that our traditional definitions of suffix and prefix are based on pre-theoretical, surface criteria that have been given up in other (...) areas of linguistics: defining a morpheme as a prefix does not tell us anything about its grammatical nature, as that label does not take into consideration the structural configuration underlying the morpheme. Once the structural configuration is taken into account, solid generalisations begin to emerge. The article illustrates the advantages of this approach through a study of the interaction between vowel harmony and affixes. (shrink)

Process theories of leadership emphasize its relational nature but lack a substantial method of analysis. We offer an account of leadership as a language-game, employing the concepts of opaque context and propositional attitudes. Using established methods of linguistic analysis, we reformulate Weber’s understanding of charismatic leadership. A by-product of this approach is to limit the epistemological role of individual psychology in leadership studies, and to increase the relevance of linguistic and semantic conventions.

Throughout the last decades, scientific and therapeutic communities have made common efforts to collect reliable information concerning the efficacy of psychotherapies. One of these initiatives has, recently, involved the psychodrama community and its desire to achieve progress in the validation of this therapy. Based on Robert Elliot's Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design (HSCED), we followed five participants (3 women, 2 men, aged 27-48) of a psychodrama group over the course of their therapeutic process, which ranged from 24 months to 5 (...) years. We chose one of them for the single case study. Quantitative outcome measures included the Portuguese versions of the Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory, Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation and the individualized Personal Questionnaire. Qualitative process measures included Helpful Aspects of Therapy Form and the Client Change Interview. Participants generally reported improvement in their personal therapeutic goals, decrease in symptoms and life problems, and some showed a marked increase in spontaneity levels. In the single case presented, these results are confirmed, and following decision criteria it is possible to assert that the participant improved in all the variables assessed and that therapy is the main cause of these changes. Furthermore, the participant frequently rated psychodrama sessions as being helpful and stated they had a transformational impact on his life. This research contributes towards validating psychodrama as an efficient therapeutic method, hopefully stimulating practitioners to integrate therapy and research - which, for years, were considered independent and incompatible - and to facilitate their use in a complementary way. (shrink)

Although it has acquired an extraordinary social diffusion, entrepreneurial education has a certain lack of definition associated with its conceptualisation and meaning. It seems clear that entrepreneurial education is linked to the economic sphere, but it is not limited to the productive sector. The idea of entrepreneurial education has been progressively enriched, being linked to the development of skills for personal growth and social progress. Further clarification of the meaning and scope of entrepreneurial education is, therefore, needed. Thus, it is (...) relevant to analyse entrepreneurial identity in the context of personal identity via the theoretical–explanatory investigation of a model developed in two phases. A critical analysis leads us to study the different factors that intervene in the configuration of this identity in an attempt to construct a systemic map of entrepreneurial action. Between the private and the public, entrepreneurs seek new ways of facing the challenges of our times, trying to find new ways of regenerating the links between individuals and institutions and with society in general. In this sense, we show how entrepreneurial educational ecosystems acquire relevance insofar as they consider the subject as the principle of action rather than merely the result of various contextual factors. (shrink)

The current study has mapped the impact of changes in different climatic parameters on the productivity of major crops cultivated in India like cereal, pulses, and oilseed crops. The vulnerability of crops to different climatic conditions like exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive indicators along with its different components and agribusiness has been studied. The study uses data collected over the past six decades from 1960 to 2020. Analytical tools such as the Tobit regression model and Principal Component Analysis were used for (...) the investigation which has shown that among climatic parameters, an increase in temperature along with huge variations in rainfall and consistent increase in CO2 emissions have had a negative impact by reducing crop productivity, particularly cereals and oilseed. Among various factors, adaptive factors such as cropping intensity, agricultural machinery, and livestock density in combination with sensitivity factors such as average operational land holding size and productivity of cereals, and exposure indicators like Kharif temperature, heavy rainfall, and rate of change in maximum and minimum Rabi temperature have contributed significantly in increasing crop vulnerability. The agribusiness model needs to be more inclusive. It should pay attention to small and remote farmers, and provide them with inclusive finance that can facilitate the adoption of climate-smart financial innovations, serve the underserved segments, and help them reach the target of a sustainable and inclusive agribusiness model. Though the social, technological, and economic initiatives can enhance the adaptive capacity of farmers, political measures still have a major role to play in providing a healthy climate for agriculture in India through tailored adaptive approaches like the adoption of craft climate adaptation program, dilating the irrigation coverage and location-centric management options. Hence, multidisciplinary and holistic approaches are worth emphasizing for evaluating the future impacts of change in climate on Indian agriculture. (shrink)

Introduction: Resilience is a multidimensional and dynamic construct associated with positive growth and the capacity to transform stressful and negative factors into opportunities of personal development and self-improvement when faced with difficult experiences. The resilience process of each individual integrates multiple analysis levels, which range from genetic-environmental interactions to a complex process of adaptation between the individual and his/her family, friends, co-workers, society, and culture.Objective: To determine whether resilience improves in students of occupational therapy when exposed for the first time (...) to practice placement education.Methodology: Quasi-experimental, prospective, observational, multi-center study with a sample composed of students from the Degree of Occupational Therapy of the public universities of Málaga and Castilla-La Mancha. Two weeks prior to the beginning of the practice education period, the participants completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and the area of their internships. They were also given the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson's resilience scale. All these instruments were also completed 1 week after the end of the clinical practice.Results: There were statistically significant differences between the variables that make up resilience and the different internship areas. On the other hand, there was a significant improvement of global resilience after the clinical practice period, in both women and men, when the internship area was not considered.Conclusions: The results show that resilient students are more optimistic and work to improve a situation beyond doing simply what is expected of them, knowing how to control their feelings. This is beneficial for students in practice education, since, during these, they face difficult situations that require a resilient pattern, which helps reduce stress and the burnout syndrome. (shrink)

O objectivo principal deste artigo consiste em chamar a atenção para os problemas levantados pela ausência de quaestiones anexas a Metafísica XII. Partindo de uma série de remissões explícitas para temas a desenvolver no contexto daquele escrito aristotélico, feitas por Fonseca em vários passos que ocorrem nos tomos I, II e III dos seus Comentários à Metafísica de Aristóteles, constata-se que era intenção sua desenvolver, naquele lugar, temas ligados ao discurso filosófico sobre Deus, seus atributos, omnipotência e librerdade divinas, contingência (...) bem como tudo o que se refere às "substâncias separadas". Insto indica claramente que a metafísica de Fonseca se encontra inacabada no sentido em que não chegou a ser publicado o texto sobreum núcleo doutrinal importante, projectado desde o início da redacçã dos CMA para ser publicado no quarto tomo. Este facto deve ser tido em consideração em qualquer tentativa de interpretação global do pensamento de Fonseca e, sobretudo, na comparação com outras ontologias efectivamente acabadas, no sentido indicado. Suárez é o caso mais óbvio mas não o único. /// L'objectif principal de cet article consiste à attirer l'attention sur les problèmes posés par l'absence de quaestiones annexes à la Métaphysique XII. En partant d'une série de renvois explicites vers des thèmes à développer dans le contexte de cet écrit aristotélicien, renvois faits par Fonseca à plusieurs endroits des tomes 1, 2 et 3 de ses Commentaires à la Métaphysique d'Aristote, on constate que son intention était de développer, à cet endroit, des thèmes liés au discours philosophique sur Dieu, sur ses attributs, toute-puissance et liberté divines, à la contingence ainsi qu'à tout ce qui se rapporte aux "substances séparées". Cela signifie clairement que la Métaphysique de Fonseca se trouve inachevée au sens où n'a pas réussi à être publié le texte sur un point doctrinal important projeté dès le début de la rédaction des C.M.A. pour être publié dans le quatrième tome. Ce fait doit été tenu en ligne de compte dans toute tentative d'interprétation globale de la pensée de Fonseca et, surtout, dans comparaison avec d'autres ontologies effectivement achevées, au sens indiqué. Suarez est le cas le plus net, mais non le seul. /// This paper starts from the fact that the 4th volume of Fonseca's Commentariorum in Meiaphysicorum Aristotelis Stagiritae libros (CMA) contains no quaestiones to Met. XII. An analysis of several explicit remissions to topics and questions to be developed in the context of that Aristotelian script (Met. XII), made by Fonseca in several places in volumes I, II and HI of his CMA, reveals that his project was, from the beginning, to develop in the IV volume the subjects related to the philosophical discourse about God, divine attributes, omnipotence and freedom, contingency as well as to the 'separate substances'. This indicates clearly that the metaphysics of Fonseca remained unfinished given the fact that the text on an important thematic cluster was not published not withstanding the inclusion of such text in the original project of Fonseca. It is sustained that this fact should be taken in due consideration in any global interpretation of Fonseca's thought as well as in any comparison with other (finished) ontologies. Suárez is the most obvious case but not the only one. (shrink)

From the standpoint of the school settings, sport participation constitutes a key strategy concerning the manifestation of positive behaviors that result from the development of personal and social responsibility. Based on the TPSR model, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of an intervention geared toward teaching life skills through sport to youngsters who had been committed. The participants were evaluated before and after the intervention. After the initial evaluation, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and (...) control groups. The experimental group took part in the community football program, while the control group attended physical education classes not based on the TPSR model. The experimental model consisted of 3 weekly sessions over the course of 6 weeks, which totaled 18 sessions. This investigation supplied empirical evidence concerning the potential of community sport programs in the teaching and development of life skills deemed necessary for an adequate reintegration of such at-risk youngsters. The model was shown to be valid both in stimulating changes of attitudes and in promoting the adherence to socially positive behaviors. The effectiveness of the model, as well as its unique approach, make its application attractive to both the youngsters and the professionals. This program facilitates the training of youngsters to act, in the sense of promoting both their autonomy and the acquisition of a system of ethics and moral values within a culture of responsibility for how decisions affect the individual and the community. Finally, this intervention generated empirical support in favor of the argument that sport constitutes a unique opportunity within the educational process to establish values, beliefs, attitudes, and practical habits pertaining relationships and cooperation that generate social responsibility in individuals. (shrink)

El siguiente informe pericial se basa en la experiencia de investigación de los firmantes en relación a las exhumaciones de fosas comunes de la Guerra Civil y la postguerra, y al conocido como “movimiento para la recuperación de la memoria histórica” que están teniendo lugar en España desde el año 2000, que ha enfatizado sus demandas sobre la suerte de los desaparecidos y ha puesto en marcha un ciclo de exhumaciones de fosas comunes derivadas de la Guerra Civil y la (...) dictadura. En este peritaje se usan las exhumaciones del siglo XXI como indicadores de la persistencia en el tiempo de las políticas y culturas del miedo instaladas en la sociedad española durante la Guerra Civil y la dictadura, más allá de las profundas transformaciones políticas e institucionales acaecidas en el país tras la muerte de Francisco Franco. Fue presentado como parte de la documentación de la demanda de Fausto Canales contra España el 15 de septiembre de 2012 en el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. (shrink)

El pluralismo y el multiculturalismo son hoy aceptados como característicos de las sociedades modernas. Como simple afirmación de pluralidad e incompatibilidad de sistemas doxásticos -actividades y formas de vida a las que se les reconoce algún valuor- el pluralismo no pasa de ser un lugar común. Adquiere otro estatuto y relevancia filosófica, a partir del momento en que indica la convicción o la tesis de que el pluralismo de las doctrinas éticas, filosóficas o religiosas, es un trazo permanente e innegable (...) de las sociedades democráticas modernas, y no simple contingencia histórica, eventualmente superable mediante un recurso a cualquier proceso de reducción a un valor que sirva de denominador común a la pluralidad en causa. [Fragmento]. (shrink)

This article examines the reflection of the essay Los hijos del limo on the development of the Anglo-American, French and Latin American avant-garde. After exploring its aesthetic and ideological ties with Spanish-American narrative production, it is considered the way in which the latter forged a separate imagery in the context of the paradigm shift worked in occidental thought, following the fall of the Christian paradigm.

Enquadradas no género das "nouvelles à la main" francesas, as gazetas manuscritas da Biblio­teca Pública de Evora são um enorme repositório de informação para a história do tempo de D. João V. Nele se encontram notícias de toda a Europa, dos vários governos ultramarinos, do quotidiano das ruas da corte e, sobretudo, da "primeira nobreza" do Reino. Estas são, assim, as últimas minas de ouro para o conhecimento do "alvorecer do Iluminismo" em Portugal.

In this commentary, we outline an epistemological continuum between earlier and later number concepts, showing how empirical findings support the view that specific and general underpinnings to number develop in parallel in children; and we raise the question, based on cross-syndrome comparisons in infancy, as to whether exact or approximate number abilities underlie these later skills.

O fenômeno da incorporação do corpo lexical político aristotélico transliterado do grego ao contexto latino do século XIII nos remete a problemas sobre as presenças e ausências terminológicas, não somente na tradução da Política, feita por Guilherme de Moerbeke, e nos comentários de Alberto Magno e Tomás de Aquino ao texto latino de Aristóteles, mas também à possível reverberação desses vocábulos políticos moerbekianos em alguns leitores da Política, no século XIV. Não se trata apenas de veri*cação de quem usou ou (...) não usou tais ou quais termos, nem mesmo da elaboração de juízos sobre esses usos, como que para rotular pensadores; antes, trata-se de tentar individuar, a partir dos usos terminológicos, o surgimento de um novo modo de pensar e compreender a esfera da vida humana que é a dimensão pública, ou melhor, política. Tentaremos compreender, neste artigo, especificamente como emerge, a partir dessa tradução latina da Política, um novo quadro conceitual, a saber: a esfera política. Constataremos que a tradução da Política de Moerbeke consolida um novo vocabulário e um novo quadro conceitual que será, doravante, um dos fundamentos do pensamento político. (shrink)

Ptolomeu de Lucca no De Regimine Principum apresenta uma nova maneira de conceber a ordenação política da cidade, a partir do referencial teórico da tradução latina da Política de Aristóteles. Ptolomeu apresenta novas práticas e ações para os indivíduos que constituem o corpo político da cidade. Há, pode-se supor, uma nova compreensão do contexto político do ponto de vista da estrutura institucional, mas também do ponto de vista dos indivíduos. A noção de regime politicum começa a ser delineada em alguns (...) capítulos em livros II e III, e é o principal assunto do livro IV, onde ela é apresentada como uma novidade conceptual, quer em relação à tradição latina antes da tradução da Política, quer em relação ao aristotelismo político. A novidade é a proposta de Ptolomeu para a disposição política da cidade composta em várias partes. Em tal disposição, o papel e ação dos cidadãos ganham centralidade na estruturação e condução da cidade. Este trabalho pretende mostrar que Ptolomeu é muito inovador em relação à tradição aristotélica, mais especialmente no que respeita ao regime, na qual participação política das pessoas adquire centralidade. (shrink)

El artículo analiza el problema de la expulsión de extranjeros sospechosos de ser delincuentes o anarquistas, tomando como marco temporal la acción de la policía de Buenos Aires durante la jefatura de Francisco Beazley (1896-1904). A partir del cruce de dos tradiciones historiográficas diferentes —aquella que toma como objeto a la institución policial y el mundo del delito y la que se ha preocupado por el surgimiento del anarquismo—, busca reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de deportación de inmigrantes antes y después (...) de la aprobación de la Ley de Residencia en 1902. Si bien el foco está puesto en el accionar de la policía de Buenos Aires, una de las ideasvertebradoras del análisis es que la comprensiónde la acción policial frente a la expulsión de extranjeros requiere un estudio detenido en los enlaces entre las ciudades portuarias del litoral atlántico sudamericano y europeo. De esta manera, el artículo se propone reconstruir una cartografía de la actuación transnacional de la policía,conectando a Buenos Aires con Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo y la costa española. Para ello, se ha consultado un heterogéneo conjunto de fuentes que van desde informes consulares y prensa policial, hasta periódicos de Brasil y Argentina, pasando por escritos anarquistas y socialistas. (shrink)

Assinalando o quinto centenário da morte do pintor Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510), homenageia-se aqui a obra deste artista destacado do Renascimento através da relação entre dois dos seus mais importantes quadros e textos de dois autores italianos: Nastagio degli Onesti e Nascimento de Vénus contêm duas representações da mulher, coincidindo tanto no comportamento que dela espera a sociedade renascentista, como nos modelos medievais de Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) e de Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374).O conjunto pictórico Nastagio degli Onesti, baseado em “A terrível visão” (...) (um dos cem contos da obra Decameron, de Boccaccio), pode ser entendido como um veículo de propaganda doutrinária ao serviço de uma ideologia feudal, que propõe a submissão do “objecto” feminino ao sujeito masculino, ao matrimónio e aos mais elevados interesses oligárquicos.O Nascimento de Vénus é, muito provavelmente, o quadro mais famoso de Botticelli. Pintado no auge da sua carreira, procura transpor o cânone estético da Vénus pagã da Antiguidade para a Laura cristã de Petrarca: a mulher, como símbolo da baixa paixão carnal, metamorfoseia-se no mais elevado amor espiritual. Com efeito, a Vénus botticelliana tem a beleza da Laura petrarquista, seguindo ainda o cânone provençal para destacar os seus predicados físicos. (shrink)

Se escribe que el tiempo y el espacio han perdido su significado tradicional. Por eso Manuel Castells habla de nueva Era y Alain Touraine de ruptura. El Norte está cada vez más disperso y fragmentado y el Sur también. Podría decirse que ahora hay muchos Nortesy muchos Sures. Por eso hay visiones tan distin­tas del intenso e imprevisible proceso iniciado hace apenas tres décadas. Nadie sabe hacia dónde nos va a conducir el proceso de cambio en esta nueva Era de (...) la información y la comunicaci.. (shrink)

Background Neuroimaging and lesion studies suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices mediate visual metacognitive awareness. The causal evidence provided by non-invasive brain stimulation, however, is inconsistent. -/- Objective/hypothesis Here we revisit a major figure discrimination experiment adding a new Kanizsa figure task trying to resolve whether bilateral continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) over these regions affects perceptual metacognition. Specifically, we tested whether subjective visibility ratings and/or metacognitive efficiency are lower when cTBS is applied to these two (...) regions in comparison to an active control region. -/- Methods A within-subjects design including three sessions spaced by one-week intervals was implemented. In each session, every participant was administered bilateral cTBS to either prefrontal, control or parietal cortices. Two concurrent tasks were performed, a real and an illusory figure task, stabilising objective performance with use of an adaptive staircase procedure. -/- Results When performing the replicated task, cTBS was found insufficient to disrupt neither visibility ratings nor metacognitive efficiency. However, with use of Kanizsa style illusory figures, cTBS over the dorsolateral prefrontal, but not over the posterior parietal cortex, was observed to significantly diminish metacognitive efficiency. -/- Conclusion(s) Real and illusory figure tasks demonstrated different cTBS effects. A possible explanation is the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in the creation of expectations, which is necessary for efficient metacognition. Failure to replicate previous findings for the real figure task, however, cannot be said to support, conclusively, the notion that these brain regions have a causal role in metacognitive awareness. This inconsistent finding may result from certain limitations of our study, thereby suggesting the need for yet further investigation. (shrink)

This article aims to propose some connections between the conceptions of poetry of the Mexican poet Octavio Paz and the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. Both see in poetry the element of recognition of the original condition of the human being, not as an interpretation, but as a perception and affectation of the existential reality of human beings. So that the event of the "poetic saying" is configured as a call to the possibility of glimpsing the being of each entity, inhabiting (...) oneself and, thus, learning to be with others, establishing the poetic field as the clearing of perception and of existential affectation. Poetic speech goes beyond the limits of language, creating and establishing meanings and representations to the affectations that poetry provides. Thus, through poetry man recognizes himself in his worldliness, in search of his own being and in his relationship with other beings. (shrink)

The current literature shows great interest in the issue of gender diversity on boards of directors. Some studies have hypothesized a direct relationship between diversity and the value of the firm, but not many examine the intermediate mechanisms that may exert an influence on such relationships. We employ two stages of GMM estimation methodology to exhibit evidences of the relationship between gender diversity and compensation of top managers in the Spanish context. Results show that gender diversity positively affects the effectiveness (...) of boards—in terms of composition, structure, size and functioning—influencing a proper design of top managers compensation linked to company performance. Evidences suggest that legislative actions aimed at increasing the presence of women on boards of directors are justified not only for ethical reasons, but also for reasons of economic efficiency. (shrink)

Del 4 al 8 de Mayo la ciudad de Donostia-San Sebastián reunió a más de 170 profesores de todo el mundo con ocasión de celebrar el Tercer Congreso Internacional de Ciencia Cognitiva, organizado por el departamento de Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia de la UPV/ehu. El enfoque que el simposio quiso otorgar al tratamiento de la ciencia cognitiva tuvo en general un aroma procedente del estudio que permiten los procesos cognitivos inherentes al lenguaje natural. Particularmente pudieron distinguirse cuatro temas (...) que constituyeron, pese a su íntima relación y por cuestiones de forma, diferentes bloques en torno a los cuales giraron las distintas ponencias y comunicaciones. (shrink)